GYNECOLOGIC DISEASES
Gynecological diseases, which are medically called gynecological, are the main aim of the gynecologist doctor to get to the root of the disease that causes the complaint and to prolong the patient's quality of life and life by preventing the complaint.
Gynecology (Gynecology)
The main goal of the gynecologist is to prolong the patient's quality of life and life by getting to the root of the disease that causes gynecological complaints, medically called gynecological diseases, and preventing the disease. How long the disease has existed, how much it affects the patient, what increases or decreases the pain, multiple problems are investigated and the treatments applied are questioned. In obstetrics, questions such as how to have a healthy pregnancy, what to do, how to prepare for pregnancy, what are the risks that may be encountered are asked. or is important for patients preparing for pregnancy and needs to be answered.
What are Gynecological Diseases?
The most common gynecological diseases in women are:
Uterine diseases (myomas, adenomyosis, etc.).
Menstrual problems (menstrual irregularity, excessive menstruation, etc.).
Polycystic ovarian disease (PCOS),
Vaginal discharge, myomas, endometriosis,
Pelvic inflammatory disease or groin infection,
vaginitis,
Menopause,
Pain during sexual intercourse.
Uterine Diseases
The female uterus is the reproductive organ in which the pregnancy develops, is protected, and plays a role in pushing the fetus out with its contractions when the time comes. In its lower part, it is connected to the vagina with a structure called the cervix or cervix. The upper part forms the fundus. From this section, it opens to the ovaries with the help of bilateral fallopian tubes. It is attached to the hip bone by very strong ligaments from the cervix and is prevented from protruding. 8 out of 10 women face forwards and 2 out of 10 women face backwards. The condition in which the uterus is turned backwards, popularly known as inverted uterus, does not have any negative consequences for the patient. When the diseases of the uterus are examined, many problems that arise from birth of the uterus, the inner wall of the uterus, the outer wall of the uterus, or the loosening of the ligaments holding the uterus due to infection, come to the fore. To list these briefly:
myomas
adenomyosis
endometritis
Intrauterine
Polyps
hematometra
Congenital Uterine Abnormalities
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Endometrial Cancer
Uterine Sarcoma
Cervical Abnormalities
Cervical Cancer
Ovarian Diseases
myomas
Myomas are smooth muscle tumors of the uterus. These are the elements that most often cause problems in the uterus. It manifests itself with complaints such as bleeding, pressure and pain. Its treatment is laparoscopic, hysteroscopic myoma removal surgery. If it cannot be performed, open myoma surgery should be performed.
adenomyosis
It forms a myoma-like mass on the uterine wall. Its difference from myoma is that it is a tumor originating from endometriosis tissue. endometritis It is an infection of the inner wall of the uterus. Spiral is manifested by odorous discharge and fever after abortion or birth.
Intrauterine Polyps
It is recommended to remove tissue pieces growing inside the uterus hysteroscopically due to the risk of vaginal bleeding and harboring malignant cells. hematometra It is a condition in which menstrual blood accumulates inside the uterus as a result of not being able to be expelled. It occurs with intense groin pain.
Congenital Uterine Abnormalities
These abnormalities can be divided into many different groups and named differently. Some of these are double uterus, webbed uterus, and deformities called arcuate uterus. Normal anatomy is achieved through hysteroscopic and laparoscopic surgical interventions.
Endometrial Hyperplasia
It is a precursor to uterine cancer. It causes irregular vaginal bleeding. Especially the types carrying atypia carry a high risk of transformation into cancer. Depending on the patient's age and type of hyperplasia, biopsy follow-up, hormonal intrauterine device or uterine removal options may be applied.
Endometrial Cancer
These are tumors originating from the part of the uterus that creates menstrual bleeding, also called uterine cancer. Early diagnosis and surgical treatment are important. Depending on the stage, surgery is performed to remove the expanded uterus, ovaries and surrounding lymph nodes.
Uterine Sarcoma
It is a tumor originating from the wall of the uterus. Surgery and, if necessary, additional radiotherapy are applied.
Cervical Abnormalities
Evaluation of the cervix with smear helps in the early diagnosis of cervical abnormalities that may turn into cervical cancer. Since HPV is the most important cause of cervical cancer, it is important to perform HPV typing during the examination. Depending on the patient's smear and HPV results, colposcopy and biopsy are recommended if necessary.
Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is a preventable cancer. A woman who has regular check-ups can be diagnosed early and taken under control with a conization operation. Trachelectomy, which is a reproductive and uterus-preserving cervix removal surgery, can be performed in young patients. In advanced cases, radical cervical cancer surgery is performed. In cervical cancer, which has many pathological stages, surgery or radiotherapy is decided according to the staging. Pathological stages are not given on this site for patient information purposes.
Ovarian Diseases
If we examine the common ovarian diseases, ovarian cysts and tumors come to the fore. While simple cystic diseases of the ovary and polycystic ovaries are common, it is important to diagnose congenital ovarian tumors such as dermoid cysts, complicated diseases such as chocolate cysts and malignant tumors of the ovary early. Ovarian cysts often present as silent cystic masses. It is detected when it grows excessively, causes abdominal swelling, causes pain, and is detected during ultrasound examination. Complaints of urgent abdominal pain may require consulting a doctor. The rupture of the cyst and its contents spilling into the intra-abdominal membrane may cause severe abdominal pain. This cyst may have a simple structure, a chocolate cyst (endometrioma) or a dermoid cyst. Bleeding into the cyst often manifests itself with intense abdominal pain. Rarely, bleeding is so intense that it can lead to a drop in blood pressure and a life-threatening condition called hypovolemic shock. Torsion is the rotation of the ovarian stalk and disruption of its nutrition, depending on the size of the cyst. It is an emergency. If left untreated, it will result in loss of the ovary. Ovarian tumors can be benign or malignant. While benign forms are observed as serous or mucinous cystadenoma, very slowly developing intermediate forms are called borderline. Malignant forms can be called serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, endometrioid cancer, clear cell cancer, sex cord stromal tumor, teratoma, dysgerminoma. Early symptoms may include loss of appetite, fatigue, fluid accumulation in the abdomen, a mass in the groin, and high blood Ca125 levels.
Menstrual Problems
The most common problems experienced by women regarding menstruation are as follows:
Irregular period
Excessive Menstrual
Bleeding Cessation of Menstruation (Amenorrhoea)
Painful Menstruation
Irregular period Heavy menstrual bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding, bleeding more than 23 days later than 35 days, bleeding lasting more than 7 days, bleeding after intercourse, amenorrhea, post-menopausal menstruation and painful menstruation are considered menstrual irregularities. Excessive Menstrual Bleeding In most women who experience heavy menstrual bleeding, no pathological findings are detected. These are cases where bleeding cannot be stopped due to hemostasis abnormalities of the endometrium in the uterine tissue or intrauterine prostaglandin abnormalities. It can be controlled with various medications. The main cause of bleeding in 30% of women is myoma. Myoma is a benign smooth muscle tumor located in the uterus. Endometrial Polyps, which are caused by intrauterine tissue growth, occur in 10% of women. Chronic pelvic infection, ovarian tumors, endometrial and cervical cancers can often cause vaginal bleeding. Thyroid diseases, hemostatic diseases such as von Willebrand and anticoagulant therapy may cause increased menstrual bleeding.
Menstrual Cessation
Menstrual cessation is divided into 2 groups. While the absence of menstruation until the age of 16 is called primary amenorrhea, the situation where the menstruating woman stops menstruating for more than 6 months is called secondary amenorrhea. The most common condition in which primary amenorrhea occurs is delayed puberty. There are also cases of inability to menstruate due to cervical stenosis, closed hymen or vaginal veil. The cause of secondary amenorrhea may be the possibility of pregnancy in the reproductive age, polycystic ovary syndrome, hyperprolactinemia or early menopause.
Painful Menstruation
Painful onset of menstrual periods in a woman entering reproductive age is called primary dysmenorrhea, and when normal painless menstruations turn into painful ones with advancing age, it is called secondary dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea is associated with uterine contractions and decreased blood supply to the uterus due to increased prostaglandin levels in the endometrium. Secondary dysmenorrhea is often associated with groin area problems. The most common cause is myomas, adenomyosis, endometriosis or chocolate cyst disease, groin infection or ovarian cysts and tumors.
